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My name is Nathan and I am a self-taught web developer and prior Medical Lab Technician. I am currently a health care administrator serving in the US Air Force. This application began as a project to simply show a professor a single example of how the iPhone could help the health care industry. I decided to make it available publicly and I now have thousands of regular users. I give credit where it is due: This application is loosely based on the Knox iPhone Template.

• Blood Bank
• Clinical Chemistry
• Coagulation
• Hematology
• Immunology & Serology
• Therapeutic Drugs
• Tumor Markers
• Urinalysis
• Help
• Disclaimer

This tool is for general informational purposes only and should not be used clinically. Refer to the performing laboratory report for all information concerning an actual lab result. Normal ranges and other information can vary depending on age, sex, race, laboratory methodology and other factors. Units of measure are those commonly used in the United States. Check back soon for SI conversions.

• A1 Antitrypsin
• Actin
• Albumin
• Aldosterone
• Alk Phos
• ALT
• Amylase
• Amylase, Pancreatic
• Amylase, Salivary
• Andreostenedione
• Angiotensin Converting Enzyme
• AST
• Bilirubin, Direct
• Bilirubin, Total
• Blood Gas (Arterial)
• BUN
• b-HCG
• Calcium, Ionized
• Calcium, Total
• Carboxyhemoglobin
• Ceruloplsmin
• Chloride
• CK
• CK-MB
• CO2
• Creatinine
• CRP
• CRP, Cardiac
• CSF
• Estradiol
• Folate
• FSH
• G6PD
• Gastrin
• GGT
• Globulin
• Glucose
• Guanine Deaminase
• Haptoglobin
• Hemoglobin A1C
• Lactic Acid
• LD
• LDH
• Myoglobin
• Phosphorus
• Potassium
• Prolactin
• PTH
• Sodium
• T3 Uptake
• T3-Total
• T4, Free
• T4, Total
• Testosterone
• Testosterone, Free
• Thyroxine Binding Globulin
• Troponin-I
• Troponin-T

Normal Range:
80-110 mg/dL

Clinical Significance:
Used to screen for, diagnose, and monitor hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia, diabetes, and pre-diabetes.

Normal Range:
3.5-5.1 mmol/L

Clinical Significance:
Used to help evaluate an electrolyte imbalance; to monitor chronic or acute hyperkalemia or hypokalemia.

Normal Range:
0.7-1.3 mg/dL

Clinical Significance:
Used to determine if kidneys are functioning normally and to monitor treatment for kidney disease.

Normal Range:
8.5-10.5 mg/dL

Clinical Significance:
Increased in primary and tertiary hyperparathyroidism, malignant diseases (often involing the bone), sacoidosis, vitamin D intoxication, milk-alkali syndrome, thyrotoxicosis, Paget's disease, diuretic phase of acute tubular necrosis, and dehydration.

Decreased in hypoparathyroidism, chronic renal failure, malabsorbtion or malnutrition, acute pancreatitis, proximal and distal renal tubular disease, leprosy, cystinosis, alcoholism and hepatic cirrhosis.

Normal Range:
7-21 mg/dL

Clinical Significance:
Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) is used to evaluate kidney function and monitor the effectiveness of dialysis and other treatments related to kidney disease or damage.

Normal Range:
138-145 mmol/L

Clinical Significance:

Normal Range:
98-108 mmol/L

Clinical Significance:

Normal Range:
20-28 mmoml/L

Clinical Significance:

Normal Range:
3.5-5.0 g/dL

Clinical Significance:
Albumin is used to monitor the treatment of numerous diseases primarily involving the liver and kidneys.

Normal Range:
230-630 pg/mL

Clinical Significance:
The primary function of Parathyroid Hormone is to maintain serum calcium concentration within a narrow range. PTH increases the serum concentration of calcium and decreases that of phosphate. This test is useful to determine the diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism, secondary hyperparathyroidism, and a differential diagnosis of hypercalcemia. It can help to distinguish between hypercalcemia caused by primary hyperparathyroidismor malignant disease.

Normal Range:
Male: 10-40 IU/L
Female: 10-25 IU/L

Clinical Significance:
Low levels of AST are normally found in the blood. When body tissue or an organ such as the heart or liver is diseased or damaged, additional AST is released into the bloodstream. The amount of AST in the blood is directly related to the extent of the tissue damage. After severe damage, AST levels rise in 6 to 10 hours and remain high for about 4 days.

Normal Range:
0-0.4 mg/dL

Clinical Significance:

Normal Range:
Male: 10-55 U/L

Female: 7-30 U/L

Clinical Significance:

Normal Range:
Male: 45-115 U/L

Female: 30-100 U/L

Clinical Significance:

Normal Range:
53-123 U/L

Clinical Significance:

Normal Range:
0-1.0 mg/dL

Clinical Significance:

Normal Range:
Normal

Clinical Significance:
Deficient patients are susceptable to anemia after ingestion of sulfanomides, sulfones, large amounts of Vitamin C, naladixic acid, nitrofurantoin, phenacetin and 8-aminoquilone antimalarial drugs.

Normal Range:
Male: 60-400 U/L

Female: 40-150 U/L

Clinical Significance:

Normal Range:
0-0.8 mg/dL

Clinical Significance:
C-reactive protein is a test that measures the amount of a protein signaling acute inflammation.

Normal Range:
Less than 3.5: Low

3.5-5.5: Borderline

Greater than 5.5: Normal

Clinical Significance:
Folic acid deficiency is common in pregnant women, alcoholics, patients who do not eat enough fruit/vegetables, and in patients with structural damage to the small intestine.

Normal Range:
Male: 0-70 U/L

Female: 0-50 U/L

Clinical Significance:
Elevated Gamma Glutamyl Transferase is found in all forms of liver disease.

Normal Range:
See Below

Clinical Significance:
A blood serum level of less than 5 IU/L can be considered negative and anything above 25 IU/L positive for pregnancy.

Approximate levels during pregnancy:















time from conception	IU/L
7	0 to 5
14 days	3 to 426
21 days	18 to 7,340
28 days	1080 to 56,500
35 - 42 days	7,650 to 229,000
43 - 64 days	25,700 to 288,000
57 - 78 days	13,300 to 253,000
17 - 24 weeks	4060 to 65,400
25 wks to term	3640 to 117,000
After several days postpartum	nonpregnant levels (less than 5)

Normal Range:
140-270 U/L

Clinical Significance:
Highly increased in megaloblastic and pernicious anemias, carcinomatosis, viral hepatitis, shock, hypoxia and hyperthermia. Also increased in cirrhosis, obstructive jaundice, various renal diseases, musculaskeletal diseases, congestive heart failure cellular injury resulting in loss of cytoplasm, myocardial, renal or pulmonary infarction, leukemias, lymphoma and acute pancreatitis.

Normal Range:
0.5-2.2 mmol/L

Clinical Significance:

Normal Range:
2.5-4.5 mg/dL

Clinical Significance:

Normal Range:
Male: 300-1100 ng/dL

Female: 5-85 ng/dL

Clinical Significance:

Normal Range:
Male: 15-40 p/mL

Female: 0.5-3.0 pg/mL

Clinical Significance:
After the age of 40, normal ranges will be lower.

Normal Range:
Pediatrics:


* <1 year: 5.0-132.0 ng/dL

* 1-3 years: 5.0-60.0 ng/dL

* 4-7 years: 4.0-76.0 ng/dL

* 8-11 years: 3.0-28.0 ng/dL

* 12-16 years: 1.0-18.0 ng/dL



Adults: average sodium diet:


* Recumbent: 1.0-16.0 ng/dL

* Standing: 4.0-31.0 ng/dL

* Adrenal vein: 200.0-800.0 ng/dL


Clinical Significance:
Used to evaluate patients with hypertension and possible hyperaldosteronism.

Normal Range:
0-3.4 ng/mL

Clinical Significance:
CK-MB isoenzyme, one of the most important myocardial markers, is most commonly elevated in acute myocardial infarction. Plasma CK-MB typically rises some 4-6 hours after the onset of chest pains, peaks within 12-24 hours, and returns to baseline levels within 24-48 hours. The pattern of serial CK-MB determinations is more informative than a single determination.

Normal Range:
110-220 U/L

Clinical Significance:
Elevations occur from myocardial infarction, liver disease, pernicious and megaloblastic anemia, pulmonary emboli, malignancies and muscular dystrophy.

Normal Range:
1.5-3.8 mg/dL

Clinical Significance:
Claculated by subtracting Albumin result from Total Protein result.

Normal Range:
85-175 mg/dL

Clinical Significance:
Alpha-1-Antitrypsin level may be increased in normal pregnancy and in several diseases including Chronic Pulmonary Disease; Hereditary angioedema; renal, gastric,
liver and pancreatic diseases; diabetes; carcinomas and rheumatoid diseases. It may be decreased in emphysema, hepatic cirrhosis, respiratry distress syndrome of the newborn, nephrosis, malnutrition, and cachexia.

Normal Range:
0-55% of Total Amylase

Clinical Significance:

Normal Range:
0-70% of Total Amylase

Clinical Significance:

Normal Range:
0-85 ng/mL

Clinical Significance:
Myoglobin is a protein in heart and skeletal muscles. It is released into the bloodstream following muscle damage. (i.e. myocardial infarction) This small heme protein becomes abnormal within 1-2 hours of necrosis, peaks in 4-8 hours, and drops to normal after about 12 hours.

Normal Range:
0-0.3 ng/mL

Clinical Significance:
A cardiac marker that peaks in 10-24 hours after heart muscle injury and returns to normal after 1-2 weeks.

Normal Range:
0-0.1 ng/mL

Clinical Significance:
A cardiac protein similar to Troponin-I.

Normal Range:
Less than 1.0 mg/L: Low Cardiovascular Risk

1.0-3.0 mg/L: Average Cardiovascular Risk

3.1-10.0 mg/L: High Cardiovascular Risk

Greater than 10.0 mg/L: Persistent elevations may represent non-cardiovascular inflamation.

Clinical Significance:
Ultra-sensitive CRP levels less than 10 mg/L can indicate cardiovascular risk.

Normal Range:
Adult Male







18-30 Years	50-220 ng/dL
31-50 Years	40-190 ng/dL
18-30 Years	50-220 ng/dL





Adult Female








Follicular	5035-250 ng/dL
Mid-Cycle	60-285 ng/dL
Luteal	30-235 ng/dL
Postmenopausal	20-75 ng/dL





Pediatric








1-12 Months	5-78 ng/dL
1-4 Years	5-50 ng/dL
5-9 Years	5-115 ng/dL
10-13 Years	12-221 ng/dL
14-17 Years	22-225 ng/dL





Tanner Stages







II-III Male	17-82 ng/dL
II-III Female	43-180 ng/dL
IV-V Male	57-150 ng/dL
IV-V Female	7-68 ng/dL



Clinical Significance:
Andreostenedione may be useful in evaluating patients with androgen excess and managing patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH).

Normal Range:
4.5-12.5 mcg/dL

Clinical Significance:
For diagnosis of hyper- and hypothyroidism.

Normal Range:
1-9 Years: 0.9-1.6 ng/dL

10-18 Years: 0.9-1.4 mg/dL

Greater than 18 Years: 0.8-1.8 ng/dL

Clinical Significance:
For diagnosis of hypo- and hyperthyroidism.

Normal Range:
1-13 Years: 125-220 ng/dL

13-18 Years: 95-185 ng/dL

Greater than 18 Years: 60-180 ng/dL

Clinical Significance:
For diagnosis of T3 Thyrotoxicosis

Normal Range:
22-35%

Clinical Significance:
Decreased: pregnancy, estrogens, hyperproteinemia, acute intermittent porphyria

Increased: Androgens, hyperproteinemia, stress, acute liver disease.

Normal Range:
Negative

Clinical Significance:
Actin is the major antigen to which smooth muscle antibodies react in autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). F-Actin IgG antibodies are found in up to 85% of patients with AIH or chronic active hepatitis and in 22% of patients with primary biliary cirrosis. Ant-actin antibodies have been reported in 3-18% of sera from normal healthy controls.

Normal Range:
Adult Male: 12.5-25 mcg/mL
Adult Female: 13.5-31 mcg/mL
3-8 Years: 16-24 mcg/mL
9-13 Years: 12.5-26 mcg/mL
14-17 Years: 9.8-23.7 mcg/mL

Clinical Significance:
TBG tests are sometimes used in finding the reason for elevated or diminished levels of thyroid hormone. This is done by measuring resin binding to labeled thyroid hormone, which only happens when the labeled thyroid hormone is free.

Normal Range:
3-18 Years: 25-50 mg/dL

Adult Male: 15-35 mg/dL

Adult Female: 15-55 mg/dL

Clinical Significance:
Decreased levels are found in Wilson's Disease, fulminant liver failure, intestinal malabsorbtion and renal failure.


Increased levels are seen in biliary cirrhosis, the first trimaester of pregnancy, oral contraceptive use and acute inflamatory conditions.

Normal Range:
4.6-5.4 mg/dL

Clinical Significance:
Increased in medullary thyroid carcinoma, pseudohypoparathyroidism, primary hyperthyroidism, PTH-producing tumors, and increased Vitamin D.

Decreased in hypoparathyroidism, speudohypoparathyroidism, Vit D deficiency, magnesium deficiency, trauma, sepsis, burns, pancreatitis and multiple organ failure.

Normal Range:
Non-smoker: 0.5-1.5%

Smoker: 4-6%

Heavy Smoker: 7-9%

Toxic: Greather than 20%

Lethal: Greater than 40%

Clinical Significance:

Normal Range:
Non-menopausal:

Follicular Phase: 25-140 pg/mL

Luteal Phase: 20-165 pg/mL

Periovulatory: 110-400 pg/mL


Postmenopausal:

No HRT: Less than 35 pg/mL

With HRT: 20-360 pg/mL


Clinical Significance:
Estradiol, the primary estrogen, has a critical impact on reproductive and sexual functions, and also affects other organs including bone structure.

Normal Range:
Normal Menstruating:

-Follicular Phase: 2.5 to 10.2 mlU/ml

-Midcycle Peak: 3.5 to 33.5 mlU/ml

-Luteal Phase: 1.5 to 9.0 mlU/ml

Postmenopausal: 23.0 to over 115 mlU/ml

Clinical Significance:
Follicle stimulating hormone levels rise when ovaries stop producing estrogen (menopause).

Normal Range:
Less than 24 ng/ml

Clinical Significance:
Increased prolactin levels can interfere with ovulation. They may also indicate further testing (MRI) should be done to check for a pituitary tumor.

Normal Range:


Clinical Significance:
Used to help diagnose and monitor sarcoidosis.

Normal Range:
4.0-5.5% of Total Hemoglobin

Clinical Significance:
Used to monitor how well diabetic patients have control over their condition. (Diet, etc)

Normal Range:
Cord Blood: 20-290 pg/mL

0-4 Days: 120-183 pg/mL

Child: 10-125 pg/mL

16-60 Years: 25-90 pg/mL

Older than 60: <100 pg/mL


Clinical Significance:

Normal Range:
Less than 3 U/L

Clinical Significance:
Increased in viral hepatitis, extrahepatic obstructive jaundice, metastatic hepatic disease and heavy metal toxicity with hepatic or cerebral damage.

Normal Range:
30-185 mg/dL

Clinical Significance:
Increased with inflamation, infection, trauma and malignancies. Decreased in hepatic dysfunction and in vitro hemolysis.

Normal Range:
pH: 7.34-7.44

pCO2: 35-45 mmHg

pO2: 75-100 mmHg

HCO3: 22-26 mEq/L


Clinical Significance:

Normal Range:
Glucose: 50-80 ng/dL

Protein: 15-45 mg/dL

Clinical Significance:

• RBC Morphology
• Band
• Basophils
• Blast
• CSF
• Eosinophils
• ESR
• Hairy Cell
• Hematocrit
• Hemoglobin
• Lymphocytes
• Lymphocytes, Absolute
• Lymphocytes, Reactive
• MCH
• MCHC
• MCV
• Megakaryocyte
• Metamyelocyte
• Monocytes
• Myelocyte
• Neutrophils, Absolute
• Neutrophils, Segmented
• Plasma Cell
• Platelet Sateliteism
• Platelets
• Promyelocyte
• RBC
• RDW
• WBC

Normal Range:
Men: 37-49

Women: 36-46

Clinical Significance:
Hematocrit is the percent of circulating blood which is red blood cells.

Normal Range:
Men: 13-18

Women: 12-16

Clinical Significance:
Hemoglobin determines the oxygen carrying capacity of blood.

Normal Range:
4.2 - 5.9 million cells/cmm

Clinical Significance:
Red Blood Cells are the oxygen-carrying cell of circulating blood.

Normal Range:
4.3 - 10.8 x 10⁹ cells per liter

Clinical Significance:
White Blood Cell count will increase with infections and Leukemia.

Normal Range:
80-100 femtoliters

Clinical Significance:
Mean Corpuscular Volume is the average volume of a red cell. This is a calculated value derived from the hematocrit and red cell count.

Normal Range:
27-33 picograms

Clinical Significance:
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin is the average amount of hemoglobin in the average red cell. This is a calculated value derived from the measurement of hemoglobin and the red cell count.

Normal Range:
32-36%

Clinical Significance:
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) is the average concentration of hemoglobin in a given volume of red cells. This is a calculated volume derived from the hemoglobin measurement and the hematocrit.

Normal Range:
15-Nov

Clinical Significance:
Red Cell Distribution Didth (RDW) is a measurement of the variability of red cell size. Higher numbers indicate a greater variation in size between cells.

Normal Range:
150,000-400,000/cmm
(150-400 x 10⁹/liter)

Clinical Significance:
The number of platelets in a volume blood. Platelets are not complete cells, but actually fragments of cytoplasm from a cell found in the bone marrow called a megakaryocyte. Platelets play a vital role in blood clotting.

Normal Range:
40-80% of the WBCs

Clinical Significance:
Attracted to sites of injury and infection. Percentage is often increased during a bacterial infection. A low number (neutropenia) increases risk of bacterial infection.

Normal Range:
15-40% of the WBCs

Clinical Significance:
Include T-cells, B-cells, and natural killer (NK) cells. Viral infections may increase their number.

Normal Range:
3-15% of the WBCs

Clinical Significance:
Monocytes are a type of phagocyte. These mature into macrophages, important germ eating cells. A low number can put you at a higher risk of getting sick from an infection, particularly those caused by bacteria.

Normal Range:
0-8% of the WBCs

Clinical Significance:
A type of phagocyte that produces the anti-inflammatory protein histamine.
A high number indicates allergies or parasitic infections.

Normal Range:
0-2% of the WBCs

Clinical Significance:
Control inflammation and damage of tissues in the body.

Normal Range:
None

Clinical Significance:
Platelet satellitosis, (platelets encircling a neutrophil) occurs when a patient has a serum factor that reacts to the anticoagulant EDTA.

Normal Range:
Should be rare in peripheral blood.

Clinical Significance:
A slightly immature granulocyte (neutrophil, basophil or eosinophil). They are released into peripheral blood from the bone marrow in response to acute demand.

Normal Range:
Only present as an response to an antigen.

Clinical Significance:
Reactive lymphocytes are generally associated with viral responses, however, they can also be present as a result of drug reactions (such as phenytoin), immunisations, radiation, hormonal causes (such as stress and Addison's disease) as well as some auto-immune disorders (such as rheumatoid arthritis)

Normal Range:
1-15 mm/Hour

Clinical Significance:
The ESR (Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate) is a general non-specific test for inflamation. The ESR rises several days after inflamation begins and returns to normal several days after inflamation has returned to normal. A more sensitive test for inflamation are acute phase reactive proteins such as CRP (C-Reactive Protein).

Normal Range:
None

Clinical Significance:
Blasts are the most immature form of leukocytes and are not routinely observed in peripheral blood. Blast cells in peripheral blood can indicate a variety of hematolymphoid malignancies including acute leukemia, myeloproliferative disorderes, myelodysplastic syndromes and leukemic phase of leukemia. Blasts can also appear in small numbers due to neonal infancy, regenerating bone marrow, recent hemorrage, hemolytic anemia and severe infection.

Normal Range:
None

Clinical Significance:
Megakaryocytes are the largest cell in the marrow and are the immediate precursor to platelets.

Normal Range:
1.5-8.0 x10³/mm³

Clinical Significance:
This is the calculated number of neutrophils based off the percent count and the total WBC count.

Normal Range:
1.5-4.0 x10³/mm³

Clinical Significance:
The absolute count is the calculation of the total number of lymphocytes based off the total WBC count and the percent lymphocytes count.

Normal Range:
None

Clinical Significance:
Indicative of hairy cell leukemia.

Normal Range:
Not normally present in peripheral blood.

Clinical Significance:
A metamyelocyte is an immature granulocyte and is the precursor to a band cell.

Normal Range:
Not normally present in peripheral blood.

Clinical Significance:
A myelocyte is an immature granulocyte and is the precursor to a metamyelocyte.

Normal Range:
Not normally present in peripheral blood.

Clinical Significance:
A promyelocyte is a very immature granulocyte and is the precursor to the myelocyte.

Normal Range:
Not normally present in peripheral blood.

Clinical Significance:
Typically seen in multiple myeloma and can be identified because malignant plasma cells continue producing an antibody which can be detected as a paraprotein.

Normal Range:
RBCs: 0/?L

WBCs: 0-3/?L

Clinical Significance:

• Direct Combs
• Indirect Combs
• Rh Phenotype

Normal Range:
Negative

Clinical Significance:
The Direct Coombs test is used to detect red blood cells that are sensitized with IgG alloantibody, IgG autoantibody, and complement proteins.

Normal Range:
Negative

Clinical Significance:
Also known as Antibody Screen. Used in prenatal testing of pregnant women, and in testing blood prior to a blood transfusion. It detects unbound antibodies against (donor) RBCs that are present in the patient's serum.

Normal Range:


Clinical Significance:
This test is used to asses the risk of hemolyric disease of the newborn due to Rh factor antibodies.

• Acetaminophen
• Acetohexamide
• Amikacin
• Aminophylline
• Amitriptyline
• Carbamazepine
• Chloramphenicol
• Codeine
• Coumadin
• Desipramine
• Diazepam
• Digitoxin
• Digoxin
• Disopyramide
• Disopyramide
• Ethosuximide
• Flecainide
• Gentamicin
• Haloperidol
• Imipramine
• Kanamycin
• Lidocaine
• Lithium
• Meprobamate
• Methotrexate
• Nortriptyline
• N-Acetylprocainamide
• Phenobarbital
• Phenytoin
• Primidone
• Procainamide
• Propoxyphene
• Propranolol
• Quinidine
• Rifampin
• Salicylate
• Tacrolimus
• Theophylline
• Tobramycin
• Valproate

Therapeutic Range:
Peak: 15-25 mg/L
Trough: 4-8 mg/L

Clinical Significance:

Therapeutic Range:
10-20 mcg/mL

Clinical Significance:

Therapeutic Range:
120-150 ng/mL

Clinical Significance:

Therapeutic Range:
5-12 mcg/mL

Clinical Significance:

Therapeutic Range:
10-20 mcg/mL

Clinical Significance:

Therapeutic Range:
150-300 ng/mL

Clinical Significance:

Therapeutic Range:
10-30 ng/mL
Toxic at 45 ng/mL

Clinical Significance:

Therapeutic Range:
CHF: 0.8-1.5 ng/mL
Arrythmias: 1.5-2.0 ng/mL
Toxic at 2.5 ng/mL

Clinical Significance:

Therapeutic Range:
2-5 mcg/mL

Clinical Significance:

Therapeutic Range:
40-100 mcg/mL

Clinical Significance:

Therapeutic Range:
0.2 to 1.0 mcg/mL

Clinical Significance:

Therapeutic Range:
Peak: 5 to 10 mcg/mL

Trough: Less than 2

Clinical Significance:

Therapeutic Range:
150-300 ng/mL

Clinical Significance:

Therapeutic Range:
20-25 mcg/mL

Clinical Significance:

Therapeutic Range:
1.5-5.0 mcg/mL

Clinical Significance:

Therapeutic Range:
0.8-1.2 mEq/L
Toxic at 1.5 mEq/L

Clinical Significance:

Therapeutic Range:
> 0.01 mcmol

Clinical Significance:

Therapeutic Range:
50-150 ng/mL

Clinical Significance:

Therapeutic Range:
10-30 mcg/mL

Clinical Significance:

Therapeutic Range:
10-20 mcg/mL

Clinical Significance:

Therapeutic Range:
5-12 mcg/mL

Clinical Significance:

Therapeutic Range:
4-10 mcg/mL

Clinical Significance:

Therapeutic Range:
50-100 ng/mL

Clinical Significance:

Therapeutic Range:
2-5 mcg/mL
6-18 umol/L

Clinical Significance:

Therapeutic Range:
100-250 mcg/mL

Clinical Significance:

Therapeutic Range:
10-20 mcg/mL

Clinical Significance:

Therapeutic Range:
5-10 mcg/mL

Clinical Significance:

Therapeutic Range:
50-100 mcg/mL

Clinical Significance:

Therapeutic Range:
INR range of 2-3

Clinical Significance:

Therapeutic Range:
5-30 mg/L

Clinical Significance:

Therapeutic Range:
4-8 ug/mL

Procainamide + N-acetylprocainamide: 5-30ug/mL

Toxic: Greater than 30 ug/mL

Clinical Significance:

Therapeutic Range:
10-20 mcg/mL

Clinical Significance:

Therapeutic Range:
20-55 mcg/mL

Clinical Significance:

Therapeutic Range:
10-100 ng/mL

Toxic at 200 ng/mL

Clinical Significance:

Therapeutic Range:
200-1500 ng/mL

Toxic at 3000 ng/mL

Clinical Significance:

Therapeutic Range:
Arterial Arrhythmia: 2.8-3.2 mcg/mL
Ventricular Arrhythmia: 3.3-7.5 mcg/mL
Toxic at 7 mcg/mL

Clinical Significance:

Therapeutic Range:
5-15 ng/mL
Toxic at 50 ng/mL

Clinical Significance:

Therapeutic Range:
0.05-0.4 mcg/mL

Toxic at >0.5 mcg/mL

Clinical Significance:

Therapeutic Range:
2.6-41 mcg/mL

Toxic at 55 mcg/mL

Clinical Significance:

Therapeutic Range:
5-20 ng/mL

Toxic at >20 ng/mL

Clinical Significance:
Use dfor the prophylaxis of organ rejection in liver and kidney transplants.

• 17-Hydroxycorticosteroids
• 17-ketosteroids
• Bilirubin
• Calcium
• Casts, Fatty
• Casts, Granular
• Casts, Hyaline
• Casts, RBC
• Casts, Waxy
• Casts, WBC
• Catecholamines
• Crystals, Ammonium Biurate
• Crystals, Calcium Oxalate
• Crystals, Cystine
• Crystals, Leucine
• Crystals, Tyrosine
• Crystals, Uric Acid
• Glucose
• Ketones
• Nitrite
• Osmolality
• pH
• Reducing Substances
• Specific Gravity
• Urobilinogen
• VMA
• Volume

Normal Range:
5.0-8.0

Clinical Significance:

Normal Range:
Qualitative: Negative

Quantitative: ~130 mg/24 Hours

Clinical Significance:
Glucose will begin to show in the urine after the peripheral blood surpasses the renal threshold of approximately 180 mg/dL.

Normal Range:
Negative (less than 3 umol/L)

Clinical Significance:
Bilirubin in the urine indicates that the renal threshhold of bilirubin has been exceeded.

Normal Range:
Negative

Clinical Significance:
Ketones (beta-hydroxybutyric acid, acetoacetic acid, and acetone) are the by-products of rapid or excessive fatty-acid breakdown. A positive test may indicate metabolic abnormalities, including uncontrolled diabetes or glycogen storage disease; abnormal nutritional conditions such as starvation, fasting, anorexia, high protein or low carbohydrate diets,
vomiting frequently over a long period of time, including hyperemesis gravidarum (a severe form of morning sickness); disorders of increased metabolism, including hyperthyroidism, fever, acute or severe illness, burns, pregnancy, lactation, or a post-surgical condition.

Normal Range:
Negative

Clinical Significance:
Nitrites are the by products of the metabolism of common bacteria associated with urinary tract infections such as E. coli, Salmonella, Citrobacter, Proteus and Klebsiella.

Normal Range:
Negative (Less than 0.2 mg/dL)

Clinical Significance:
Increased values can indicate overburdening of the liver, excessive RBC breakdown, increased urobilinogen production, re-absorption of a large hematoma, restricted liver function, hepatic infection, poisoning, or liver cirrhosis. Decreased values can indicate failure of bile production or obstruction of bile passage.

Normal Range:
Negative

Clinical Significance:
Differentiates glycosuria and non-glucose reduding sugars.

Normal Range:
None

Clinical Significance:
Hyaline casts are the most frequently found cast in urine sediment. They can be seen in mild renal disease, dehydration or following strenous physical excercise.

Normal Range:
None

Clinical Significance:
Red blood cell casts indicate renal hematuria. They are generally diagnostic of acute glomerulonephritis, luus nephritis, Goodpature's Syndrome, renal trauma or subacute bacterial endocarditis. RBS casts may also be present in renal infarction, severe, pyelonephritis and renal vein thrombosis.

Normal Range:
None

Clinical Significance:
White blood cell casts are present in renal infection, interstitial nephritis, lupus nephritis, and acute pyelonephritis.

Normal Range:
None

Clinical Significance:
Granular casts may be degraded cellular casts or aggregation of proteins.

Normal Range:
None

Clinical Significance:
Waxy casts are found in patients with severe chronic renal failure, renal amyoidosis, and malignant hypertension.

Normal Range:
None

Clinical Significance:
Fatty casts are seen after fatty degregation of the tubular epithelium which is indicative of degenerative tubular disease. They are also seen in diabetic glomerulosclerosis, chronic glomerulonephritis, lipoid nephrosis, lupus and renal toxicity.

Normal Range:
None

Clinical Significance:
Uric acid crystals can occur in normal urine. However they are also seen in gout, high purine metabolism, chronic nephritis, acute febrile conditions and Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome.

Normal Range:
None

Clinical Significance:
Calcium oxalate crystals can be found in normal urine, especialy after digestion of foods rich in oxalate.

Normal Range:
None

Clinical Significance:
Cystine crystals occur in patients with either congential cystinosis or congential cystinuria.

Normal Range:
None

Clinical Significance:
Leucine crystals are seen in Oasthouse urine disease, maple syrup urine disease, cirrhosis of the liver, viral hepatitis and acute yellow atrophy of the liver. They are often seen in conjunction with tyrosine crystals.

Normal Range:
None

Clinical Significance:
Tyrosine crystals are seen in severe liver disease and Oasthouse urine disease.

Normal Range:
None

Clinical Significance:
Ammonium biurate crystals are only abnormal if found freshly voided urine.

Normal Range:
1.001-1.030

Clinical Significance:

Normal Range:
600-1600 mL/24 Hours

Clinical Significance:

Normal Range:
Male: 5.5-14.5 mg/24 Hours

Female: 5-13 mg/24 Hours

Clinical Significance:

Normal Range:
Male: 5-15 mg/24 Hours

Female: 6-11.5 mg/24 Hours

Children: ~5 mg/24 Hours

Clinical Significance:

Normal Range:
500-800 mOsm/kg water

Clinical Significance:

Normal Range:
1.5-7.5 mg/24 Hours

Clinical Significance:
Vanillylmandelic acid

Normal Range:
Less than 100 ug/24 Hours

Clinical Significance:

Normal Range:
0-300 mg/24 Hours

Clinical Significance:

• 5-HIAA
• ACTH
• Alpha-fetoprotein
• Beta-HCG
• B-2-Microglobulin
• CA 125
• CA 27-29
• CA 549
• CEA
• DHEA-S
• Gastrin
• PSA
• Thyroglobulin
• VIP

Normal Range:
<3 ng/mL

Normal range may vary somewhat depending on the brand of assay used. Levels > 10 ng/ml suggest extensive disease and levels > 20 ng/ml suggest metastatic disease.

Clinical Significance:
Measures the presence of an antigen in malignancies arising in entodermal (embryonic) or gastrointestinal tissue. Persistent elevated levels indicate residual or recurrent metastatic carcinoma. CEA assay is nonspecific for identifying a primary site, but it does indicate the presence of malignancy. Smokers may have an elevated CEA without malignant disease; smoking may affect accuracy of CEA results.

Normal Range:
<38 U/L

Clinical Significance:
Frequently used for testing patients with breast cancer.

Normal Range:
Adults: < 15 ng/ml

Clinical Significance:
A serum test used as a tumor marker for hepatocellular cancer. Elevated alpha-fetoprotein levels are also found in certain ovarian and teratocarcinoma or embryonal carcinoma of the testis. Elevated alpha-fetoprotein levels are not found in other histologies of testicular cancer. Note: Observe the date of an alpha-fetoprotein study carefully. Record a pre-operative study only. Alpha-fetoprotein is also used as a marker postoperatively to monitor residual tumor.

Normal Range:
0-35 U/mL

Clinical Significance:
Useful for monitoring for ovarian cancer by measuring an antigen to epithelial neoplasms circulating in blood serum.

Normal Range:
9-52 ng/l

Clinical Significance:
Elevated level found in paraneoplastic syndrome caused by small cell carcinoma. Non-diagnostic of lung cancer, but an indicator of metastases.

Normal Range:
present in 50% of patients with advanced breast cancer

Clinical Significance:

Normal Range:


Clinical Significance:
Elevated levels of this serum hormone are found in follicular carcinoma and return to normal following treatment if all tumor is removed; useful for monitoring residual disease and recurrence of follicular carcinoma.

Normal Range:
Age 40-49: 0-2.5 ng/dL
Age 50-59: 0-3.5 ng/dL
Age 60-69: 0-4.5 ng/dL
Age >70: 0-6.5 ng/dL

Clinical Significance:
Antigen released from cells in prostate tissue. Value may be elevated in benign prostatic hypertrophy; greatest elevation occurs in stage C and D prostate cancer. After radical prostatectomy or radiation therapy, rising levels of PSA indicate residual disease or recurrence. Note: test results may be affected by recent prostatic massage or palpation; PSA level should be assayed before digital rectal examination.

Normal Range:
0 ng/mL

Clinical Significance:
A serum test used as a tumor marker for choriocarcinoma and for testicular carcinoma. Beta-HCG levels are never found in normal men. When the presence of B-HCG is detected in serum it always indicates a malignancy. Also called: &-HCG, beta-HCG, beta chain HCG. Note: Observe the date of the beta-HCG study carefully. Record a preoperative study only. Beta-HCG is also used as a marker postoperatively to monitor residual tumor and the effectiveness of therapy. In patients with choriocarcinoma who have had a hysterectomy and oophorectomy, the presence of beta-HCG will confirm the patient has residual cancer that requires further treatment. In patients with testicular cancer who have had an orchiectomy, the presence of beta-HCG will confirm the patient has residual cancer that requires further treatment. However, when beta-HCG does not exist in the serum, the presence of active cancer cannot be excluded, especially in patients who have been previously treated.

Normal Range:
<15 mg/24 Hours

Clinical Significance:
Quantitative analysis of urine levels above 15 mg/24 hours indicate malignant carcinoid tumors (argentaffinomas), which may also appear in stomach, appendix, or lower intestine.

Normal Range:
1.4-3.2 mg/L

Clinical Significance:
Elevated levels are present in lymphoproliferative disorders; non-specific to chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

Normal Range:
Less than 50 pg/mL

Clinical Significance:
Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide is a neurotransmitter which. in excess, can cause secretory diarrhea. VIP-secreting tumors are most commonly found in the tail of the pancreas in adults. VIP-producing angioneuromas or ganglioneuroblastomas may be found in the adrenal glands in children.

Normal Range:













Age	Female	Male
5 Years	Less than 25 mcg/dL	Less than 25 mcg/dL
9 Years	Less than 100 mcg/dL	Less than 100 mcg/dL
13 Years	Less than 250 mcg/dL	Less than 250 mcg/dL
17 Years	30-265 mcg/dL	100-325 mcg/dL
29 Years	45-320 mcg/dL	110-510 mcg/dL
39 Years	40-325 mcg/dL	110-370 mcg/dL
49 Years	25-220 mcg/dL	45-345 mcg/dL
59 Years	15-170 mcg/dL	25-240 mcg/dL
69 Years	Less than 185 mcg/dL	25-95 mcg/dL
90 Years	Less than 90 mcg/dL	Less than 75 mcg/dL



Clinical Significance:
Low levels of DHEAS may be due to adrenal dysfunction or hypopituitarism - a condition that causes decreased levels of the pituitary hormones that regulate the production and secretion of adrenal hormones. Normal DHEAS levels, along with other normal androgen levels, may indicate that the adrenal gland is functioning normally or (more rarely) that an adrenal tumor or cancer present is not secreting hormones.


Elevated levels of DHEAS may indicate an adrenocortical tumor, adrenal cancer, or adrenal hyperplasia. Increased levels of DHEAS are not diagnostic of a specific condition.

Normal Range:
5-17 Years: 15-65 pg/mL

Greater than 17 Years: Less than 100 pg/mL

Clinical Significance:
For the diagnosis and monitoring of gastrin-secreting tumors, gastric ulcer and zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Increased in pernicious anemia.

• Antiplasmin
• Antithrombin
• Bleeding Time
• D-Dimer
• Factor XIII
• Fibrinogen
• Fitzgerald Factor
• FSP
• INR
• Lupus Anticoagulant
• Mixing Studies
• Plasminogen
• Protein C Activity
• Protein C Antigen
• Protein S Activity
• Protein S Antigen
• PT
• PTT
• von Willebrand

Normal Range:
12-15 seconds

Clinical Significance:

Normal Range:
23-36 seconds

Clinical Significance:

Normal Range:
An INR target range of 2.0-3.0 is reccomended for most indications such as treatment or prophylaxis of DVT, prevention of further clotting in myocardial infarctions, and other preventive measures for patients with atrial fibrilation.

Clinical Significance:

Normal Range:
160-450 mg/dL

Clinical Significance:

Normal Range:
3-7 minutes

Clinical Significance:

Normal Range:
10 ??g/dL

Clinical Significance:

Normal Range:
70-140% of normal

Infant normal may be lower

Clinical Significance:

Normal Range:
Results are reported as a percent of the amount expected in normal plasma. By definition, the mean value in pooled normal plasma is 100%. In a large study of normal persons, the mean vWF level was 75% in blood type O, 106% in type A, 117% in type B, and 123% in type AB individuals. The overall mean vWF level was 100%.1 Newborns have higher vWF levels than do adults. Values for vWF gradually decrease into the adult normal range by age 6 months.

Clinical Significance:

Normal Range:
60-140% of normal
Newborns have lower levels than adults.

Clinical Significance:
High molecular weight kininogen (HMWK) is a coagulation protein involved in the early stages of intrinsic pathway activation. HMWK deficiency can cause a marked prolongation of the PTT, but it does not cause bleeding.

Normal Range:
70-180% of Normal

Clinical Significance:

Normal Range:
70-140% of Normal

Clinical Significance:

Normal Range:
Male: 70-150% of Normal

Female: 60-140% of Normal

Clinical Significance:

Normal Range:
70-140% of Normal

Clinical Significance:

Normal Range:
0-0.4 mcg/mL

Clinical Significance:
D-dimer is a Fibrin Split Product (FSP/FDP). A D-Dimer less than 0.4 ng/mL indicates low risk for conditions such as pulmonary embolism and deep vein thrombosis.

Normal Range:
75% to 130% of Normal

Clinical Significance:
Plasminogen is the precursor of plasmin, which lyses fibrin clots. Hereditary plasminogen deficiency is rare, and it may predispose to venous thrombosis.

Normal Range:
Negative for lupus anticoagulant

Clinical Significance:
Antiphospholipid antibodies (one of which is Lupus anticoagulant) are associated with an increased risk of thrombosis, thrombocytopenia, and recurrent fetal loss.

Normal Range:
None

Clinical Significance:
Mixing studies can be performed when the PT or PTT is prolonged, to determine if the etiology of the prolongation is a factor deficiency or an inhibitor.

Normal Range:
Negative

Clinical Significance:
Antiplasmin is a major inhibitor of plasmin. Hereditary antiplasmin deficiency is a rare familial bleeding disorder due to excessive fibrinolysis.

Normal Range:
80% to 130% of Normal

Clinical Significance:
A deficiency of antithrombin, a natural anticoagulant protein, leads to a hypercoagulable state with an increased risk for venous thrombosis. Acquired antithrombin deficiencies are more common than hereditary deficiencies.

• Allergen Specific IgE
• CCP
• CH50
• CMV
• Complement C3c
• Complement C4c
• Complement C5
• Gliadin Antibody
• RPR

Normal Range:
Not Detected

Clinical Significance:
The presence of positive antibodies to Cytomegalovirus indicates a current or prior infection with CMV. If the number of antibodies rises over a few weeks, it may indicate an acute infection.

Normal Range:
Negative (Non-Reactive)

Clinical Significance:
A positive RPR, or Rapid Plasma Reagin, is indicative, but not always diagnostic of syphilis as a false positive RPR can be encountered in infectious mononucleosis, lupus, antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, hepatitis A, leprosy, malaria and, occasionally, pregnancy. An FTA (Fluorescent Treponemal Antibody) should be perfromed to confirm a positive (reactive) result.

Normal Range:
30-65 U/mL

Clinical Significance:
CH50 is a screening for total complement activity. Decreased levels are seen in genetic deficiency, liver disease, chronic glomerulonephritis, subacute bacterial endocarditis and cryoglobinemia. Increased levels are seen in acute inflamatory conditions, leukemia, Hodgkin's Disease, sarcom and Behcet's Disease.

Normal Range:
5-20 mg/dL

Clinical Significance:
A decreased level indicates an increased risk of meningococcal meningitis.

Normal Range:
90-180 mg/dL

Clinical Significance:
Decreased C3 may be associated with acute glomerulonephritis, membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, immune complex disease, acute systemic lupus erythromatosis and genealized autoimmune processes.

Normal Range:
15-45 mg/dL

Clinical Significance:
Decreased C4 levels are seen in acute systemic lupus erythromatosis, glomerlulonephritis, immune complex disease, cryoglobinemia, congenital C4 deficiency and generalized autoimmune disease.

Normal Range:
Less than 20 Units: Negative
20-39 Units: Weak Positive
40-59 Units: Moderate Positive
Greater than 60 Units: Strong Positive

Clinical Significance:
Cyclic Citrullinated Peptide is useful in diagnosting Rheumatoid Arthritis.

Normal Range:












IgE Class	ku/L	Level
0	Less than 0.35	Absent
1	0.35-0.70	Low Level
2	0.71-3.50	Moderate Level
3	3.51-17.5	High Level
4	17.6-50	Very High Level
5	51-100	Very High Level
6	Greater than 100	Very High Level




Clinical Significance:
Use to detect the level of antibody response to specific allergens.

Normal Range:
Less than 10 U/L: Negative
10-17 U/L: Equivocal
Greater than 17 U/L: Positive

Clinical Significance:
Celiac Disease is characterized by the presence of Gliadin Antibody. Patients display a hypersensitivity to gluten (wheat).

• Anisocytosis
• Burring
• Elliptocytosis
• Heinz Body
• Hypochromia
• Macrocytosis
• Microcytosis
• Poikilocytosis
• Polychromasia
• Reticulocytes
• Rouleaux
• Sickle Cell
• Spherocytosis
• Stomatocytosis
• Target

Normal Range:
None

Clinical Significance:
Generally ranked on a scale of 0-4, anisocytosis indicates a variance in RBC size.

Normal Range:
None

Clinical Significance:
A condition where RBCs are of an abnormal shape.

Normal Range:
None

Clinical Significance:
RBCs are smaller than normal size.

Normal Range:
None

Clinical Significance:
RBCs are larger than normal size.

Normal Range:
None

Clinical Significance:
RBCs have less color when viewed on a smear (large zone of pallor). Seen with a decreased MCHC.

Normal Range:
None

Clinical Significance:
A burr cell is a RBC characterized by the presence of multiple small projections distributed across its surface. Burr cells that appear in blood samples are often artifacts related to storage or an elevated pH level, but they can also be indicative of a variety of diseases and conditions, such as uremia, pyruvate kinase deficiency, lymphosarcoma, glomerulonephritis, peptic ulcers, and bile acid abnormalities.

Normal Range:
0.5-1.5% of the total RBC count.

Clinical Significance:
Retics are immature red cells which still contain framents of a nucleus. A high number can indicate recent blood loss or overactive bone marrow. A low count could be due to chemotherapy, aplastic or pernicious anaemia, bone marrow malignancies, or poor erythropoietin or RBC production.

Normal Range:
None

Clinical Significance:
Target cells are those with a 'bulls-eye' appearance: rings instead of a single central zone of pallor.

Normal Range:
None

Clinical Significance:
RBCs with hemoglobin S will change to a sickle shape under decreased oxygenation. This process damages the red blood cell membrane, and can cause the cells to become stuck in blood vessels depriving the downstream tissues of oxygen resulting in ischemia and infarction, which may cause organ damage ad stroke.

Normal Range:
None


Clinical Significance:
Precipitated Hgb seen as a blue dot only after supravital staining; seen with some hemoglobinopathies.

Normal Range:
None

Clinical Significance:
Red cells characterized by long slit-like zones of pallor. These cells may be found in liver disease, electrolyte imbalance, and hereditary stomatocytosis.

Normal Range:
None

Clinical Significance:
The 'stacking' of red cells as they stick together. A high protein and increased ESR is commonly seen in conjunction. Conditions seen with this include infections, inflammatory and connective tissue disorders, and cancers. It also occurs in diabetics and is one of the causative factors for microvascular occlusion in diabetic retinopathy.

Normal Range:
None

Clinical Significance:
Polychromasia refers to the light blue color of immature RBCs in a Wright stain, and is caused by residual RNA.

Normal Range:
None

Clinical Significance:
Sphereocytes are red cells that have not maintined their normal discoid shape, but have ballooned into a sphere. As a result, they are often seen as foreign and filtered out by the spleen resulting in auto-hemolytic anemia. Causes for spherocytosis are normally genetic (hereditary spherocytosis).

Normal Range:
None

Clinical Significance:
Elliptocytosis (aka ovalocytosis) is a blood disorder in which a large proportion of the sufferer's erythrocytes are elliptical rather than bi-concave disc-shaped.